Midterm Question Thoughts

Matt Altstiel

Question #1

The Liberal Modality of Power sees two distinctly separate, “natural” spheres:

* Civil society- rights and freedoms exercised here, people are protected here

* the family- it is pre-political, it’s not under the state’s control, not protected by rights like in civil society.

Men and women have different roles:

Men- are oriented and learn to strive for individual power, they are active in civil society, and can move freely between civil society and family

Women- live in the family or the “private sphere”, they are reproductive workers, they are not political and do not deal with economics, their lives are limited by their duties, they learn to maintain relationships and fulfill needs of the family, they must “transcend” the family to join civil society

A liberal society happened when “man” stepped out of nature to proclaim his rights. This did not happen for woman who was imprisoned within the walls of the family.

Brown is against state centered feminist politics because it would still just apply to those people “walking around” in civil society and not in the family. So if women were part of civil society, they would enjoy those rights and protections. But the women who were still working inside the boundaries of “family” still would not. Women who work in the family are identified that way first, and the family is not a political unit. If women are not getting paid for work (like in the family) their roles are de-politicized. If a woman wants to enter the civil society, they must do so on socially male terms and “transcend” what it means to be a woman.

Question 2

The Capitalist Modality of Power

First there was the historic division of labor where the men worked for money and supported the women who were taking care of children, the home, and the elderly.

Then, women joined the work force making a lot less money then men, but still had the other responsibilities like childcare and taking care of the home.

Domestic labor (in the home), that is usually the responsibility of the woman, does not pay money, so women will be dependent on men or the state.

Now, less women are dependant on men, some women are dependent on the state, some women enter the workforce doing labor in the service sector (like domestic work similar to in the home).

Sexual division of labor changed from “private and individualized” to “public and socialized”.

Woman’s work in the home changed to woman’s work in society.

There are 2 levels of subordination

1) When women are involved in reproductive work (which doesn’t pay money), they are dependant on men or the state

2) Women are the “reserve army of labor” and stay this way because they cannot gain the status of a man when their reproductive work gets in the way

Examples of the government’s role in this: maintaining regulations of marriage, contraception, abortion, perpetuating gendered welfare and the absence of quality public daycare


Ong

A. Flexible Accumulation: corporation struggle with competing global markets and they

turn to females and minorities for cheap competitive labor.

B. Ong relates “labor relations and cultural systems, high-tech operations and indigenous

values.” (62). – affected by power relations

C. Why start Export-industrialization?

Developing Countries:

- boast foreign earnings

- rapid growth (population) = employment needs

- create female industrial work force (Maquiladoras)

Core Countries:

- “peripheral” countries = profits

- bi-pass high production costs, labor militancy (unions), and environmental concerns.

- Greater labor control world wide

D. Example: Low wages and layoffs lead poor Asian women into prostituting

Why? Result of postmodern capitalism

- diverse work situations challenge theories such as core/periphery, metropolitan/ex-colonial, 1^st world/3^rd world

“export-oriented industrialization has often required state intervention to weaken labor movements and ensure industrial peace as conditions for the early success of industrialization in these countries.” (67-68).

Question 3
Reasons for decline of Religious Communities

A. Unselfconcious Coherence:

a. starts at exploration of the non-european world.

Example: Marco Polo: territorialization of faiths (Christian religion is the ‘best’, ‘our’ nation is the ‘best’-comparative field).

B. Gradual Demotion of Sacred Language:

a. Print Capitialism (1500’s-1600’s)

“In a word, the fall of Latin exemplified a larger process in which the sacred communities integrated by old sacred languages were gradually fragmented, pluralized, and territorialized.” (19).

2. Reasons for decline of Dynastic Realm

A. 17^th century – “automatic legitimacy of sacral monarchy began its slow

decline in Western Europe.” (21)

(basically the fantasy world of Kings and Queens were faded out as new ideas emerged-there wasn’t as clear of information on the Dynastic Realm and why it this type of government actually ended)

3. New Modes

A. Apprehension of Time: Simultaneity: past and future in an instantaneous

present – temporal coincidence and measured by clock and calendar (not prefiguring and fulfillment).

Example: Novel and Newspaper – representing technical forms for a nation by representing the ideas of a nations past that cannot be seen.

B. As readers, we plunge into the calendrical time of the author/novel. A

socioscape is described at the biased of the author and their nation beliefs.

C. Arbitrariness of all the events are juxtaposition; they connect in our imagined

world.

What Connects These Enevts?

1. Calendrical Coincidence – empty time

2. Newspaper and the Market – it is a massed produced commodity

“Simultaneous consumption (“imagining”) of the newspaper – as – fiction.” (35) – this action is why the imagined community can be envisioned in everyday life.

*Print allows you to relate to the “rest” in new ways.

Question #4 Balibar:

Part 1 Theories of Racism:

v Racism becomes “a sort of invariant of human nature.” (37) when explained by biology and cultural theories.

v There is theoretical (doctrinal) racism and spontaneous racism (prejudice) (38) There is also internal (within a nation) and external (xenophobia) racisms. “Racism is constantly emerging out of nationalism, not only towards the exterior but towards the interior.” (53)

v “Sociological racism contains a dynamic, conjunctural, dimension that goes beyond the psychology of prejudices by calling to our attention the problem posed by collective movements of a racist character.” (39)

v There are a number of racisms, and there is a singular history for racism. (40)

v “Nazi anti-Semitism and colonial racism…(racism based on the idea of extermination) must be considered as ever active formations, part conscious and part unconscious, which contribute to structuring behavior and movements emerging out of present conditions.” (40)

v Disagrees with Anderson in that “although there may not be a ‘Third-Worldist’ counter-racism in Africa, Asia, or Latin America, there is a plethora of devastating racisms, both institutional and popular, between ‘nations,’ ‘ethnic groups,’ and ‘communities.’” (44)

Part 2 Racism and Nationalism:

v “in the historic ‘field’ of nationalism, there is always a reciprocity of determination between this and racism.” (52)

v “the organization of nationalism into individual political movements inevitably has racism underlying it.” (37) “the genocide of the Indians became systematic immediately after the United States…achieved independence.” (53)

v “…does not necessarily imply that racism is an inevitable consequence of nationalism, nor …that w/o the existence of an overt or latent racism, nationalism itself would be historically impossible.” (38)

v *****“The discussion of this controversy is of considerable value to us here, since through it we begin to grasp that the connection between nationalism and racism is neither a matter of perversion nor a question of formal similarity, but a question of historical articulation. (50) *****

v Repeated cases where nationalisms of liberations became nationalisms of dominations. (46)

v Do extreme cases of nationalism (such as the case of Nazism) get placed on the same historico-politico chain? ***** “Should we consider violence as a perversion of a normal state of affairs, a deviation from the hypothetical ‘straight line’ of human history, or do we have to admit that it represents the truth of what has preceded it and therefore… the seeds of racism could be seen as lying at the heart of politics from the birth of nationalism onwards.” (47) *****

v The mere notion of nationalism is a dividing one. (47)

v “the step that lead from ‘dying for one’s father land’ to ‘killing for one’s country.’” (47)

v Racism contributes to nationalism “by producing the fictive ethnicity around which it is organized.” (49)

Question #5 Huntington and Appadurai:

Nations are no longer central.

Both Appadurai and Huntington agree that this is the case, but for different reasons.

Appadurai-

v Nationalities are now mobile, less contained by a special boundary (159)

v (in the United States) “People come to seek their fortune, but they are no longer content to leave their homelands behind.” The melting pot theory is no longer applicable. (172)

v “For every nationalism… there is a retroactive by-product.” (162) These ‘by-products are even more attached to their homeland though they may never return, and most countries are now filled with not immigrants, but refugees.

v (Formula of Hyphenation?)

According to Huntington and Appadurai the nation is no longer just the space, the borders that separate one nation from another.

Huntington-

v Groups nations together into regions or ‘civilizations’ with cultural similarities.

v Lists characteristics as defining nations: Has a specific list of Westernized ideas that are central to their classification as Western nations- “ideas of individualism, liberalism, constitutionalism, human rights, equality, liberty, rule of law, democracy, free markets, separation of church and state…” (8)

v Ideas, concepts and historical role and position determine the national identity.

v Balibar, too states that nationalism includes “civic spirit, patriotism, populism, ethnicism, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, chauvinism, imperialism, jingoism…” (46)

Both authors talk of the violent interactions that will occur between conflicting identities, not just nation-states.

Huntington on post nationalism-

v Argues that nations will align themselves in conflict with outside civilizations (kin-countries)

v There will also be conflict within “torn countries” that have leaders whom see a different direction for its country than the people: often this stems from situations, according to Huntington where leaders are pushing to become a Westernized state, but the traditions, religions, and histories of the people are different and cannot be considered ‘western. They must choose. (8)

Appadurai on post-nationalism-

v Implications

1. The nation has become obsolete.

2. Alternative forms are emerging that contest the nation-state and/or provide peaceful alternatives (international groups, religious groups with international focus and missions)

3. Nations have to move to an identity less concrete than territorial boundaries.

v The retroactive other that has formed in opposition to the national identification of the majority often come into violent conflicts… violent ethno-nationalisms emerge (164)

Question #6 Balibar:

Practical Humanism:

v “a politics and ethics of the defense of civil rights w/o limitations or exceptions” (63) (ASAD)

v A type of humanism where “racism and humanism are incompatible” (63)

v “effective anti-racism has had to constitute itself as a ‘logically coherent’ humanism” (63)

v Leans towards “setting an internationalist politics of citizenship against a nationalist one.” (64)

Theoretical Humanism:

v Three options (listed on p. 63):

1. where man is subordinated to nature. (SCOTT)

2. “man as a species [is] the origin and end of declared and established rights.” (ADORNO & HORKEIMER)

3. (Very different from the first two) an analysis of liberation movements where specific theories are applied instead of general notions of man, or humanism.

v In this way theoretical racism can co-exist with theoretical humanism.

v Decisions made on human rights are often decided on the basis of political criteria more than broad theories of man.

v What political state one belongs to is much easier to determine because of existing formulas and definitions than generalities about the universality of human rights. (64)

Almost all my info came from the lecture outlines, some from my notes, some directly from the readings SO… it needs to be paraphrased. Since we are all in the same discussion group, and Rafael will be grading all of our tests we need to be very careful that we re-phrase and re-word concepts so that there isn’t any question of plagiarism.

I’m reasonably confident of my answers EXCEPT #5, part 2.

#4

Part 1: Identify the concept of racism Balibar finds inadequate and the one he finds useful.

“It is not race which is a biological and psychological human memory, but it is racism which represents one of the most insistent forms of historical memory of modern societies”

-Therefore Balibar finds the concept of racism based on biology inadequate

-This would include evolutionary anthropology, sociobiology, and genetics

-these are based on the idea of objective biological races and are forms of theoretical racism

-Theoretical racism draws on anthropological universals: genetic inheritance, cultural tradition, and human aggression

-Intellectual operations involved in theoretical racismàNaturalization: classification and hierarchy

-Naturalization of negative/less progressive qualities as given and unchangeable

-Resulting in classification as animal, a category of hierarchy

This probably isn’t the inadequate part that the question is getting at

-He also finds the typologies of racisms inadequate, eg. Institutional racism vs. sociological racism-these typologies aren’t wrong, but inert or inadequate

-In reality there is no single invariant racism

-Different types are mixed to varying degrees and different in different places

-Different types are often inseparable from each other

Useful: the concept of racism as historical memory

-Racism is the result of society’s history

-Histories of nationalism include histories of racism

-Reciprocity of determination between racism and nationalismàpart 2

Part 2: Elaborate on the connection Balibar sees between racism and nationalism.

-No nation-state has an ethnic basis, all are communities are imagined

-Common understanding sees nationalism and racism as separable

-Good (not racist) vs. bad (racist) nationalism

-There is no such thing as a good nationalism, it always excludes and involves questions of power and domination

-there is always a reciprocity of determination between racism and nationalism

-A way of defining the other as different in order to strengthen ties based on similarity in order to achieve a united front/goalà the nation

-eg. European nationalism and national liberation struggles

-Therefore racism constantly emerges from nationalism

-Not only towards exterior but also interiorà members within the state who are not conforming to the ideal

-Nationalism also constantly emerges from racism

-Racism is not an expression of nationalism, but a supplement internal to nationalism

-As a supplement it is always in excess/radical/extreme

-Always indispensable

-Yet always insufficient

-Just as nationalism is both indispensable and always insufficient to achieve nationalization of a society

#5

Part 1: Discuss Appaduri’s argument about post-national identities.

We need to think beyond the nation-state

-The territorial state is now diasporic: there is an increasingly large mobile population of refugees, tourists, guest workers, intellectuals, illegal aliens

-There is an erosion of nations

-Nationalism is no longer dominant, new forms of affiliation/loyalty exist, often more intimate

-Multicentric: existence of international/transnational organizations

-These organizations often exist to monitor nation-states

Strong alternative identities

-Ethnonationalism: complex, large-scale mobilization across state borders of closely bonded but spatially segregated people

-Ethnonationalisms become the vehicle by which these groups voice the desire to escape certain states that threaten their survival

-Ethnonationalisms point to a new world order: loyalty not to nation-states but to the ethnonation across the world

The case of the US

-Appears to support the strength of nation-states BUT

-The trope of the tribe leaves a heart of whiteness in place through multiculturalism

-An intelligent multiculturalism for us but bloody ethnicity for them, don’t recognize their culture

-The US remains tribal/discriminates: tribal Americans (brown, black, yellow) vs. other Americans

-The US is no longer a closed melting pot, but a network of diasporas which strengthens alternative identities

-Results in double hyphenation of nationalities and transnations

-Transnation: collective identity of double identities, example: Chinese-American

-Immigrants come to make money but don’t want to leave their homelands behind

Part 2: Suggest how Appaduri’s argument differs from Huntington’s.

I must concede up front that I don’t really understand this part, but here are some ideas.

Ajay told me directly that for Appaduri nations are too simple, but for Huntington nations are too complex…I don’t really get it, but maybe…

-The category nation is too complex for Huntington (might include politics and economics), for him ‘post-national’ identities will become centered on culture/religion as a more general category of affiliation/loyalty

-The stages: from nations, to ideologies, to civilizations

-Culture is the most basic/fundamental category

-Culture has a longer history than nations, been around longer

-Culture becomes more important because the world is smaller now, more contact, general identities are more important now

-Civilizations are becoming more universal through religion

-Major difference: Appaduri points to increase in transnational/international organizations like Amnesty International that monitor nation-states and affirm politics, but Huntington’s category civilization naturalizes histories of domination and represses politicsà this could lead to a discussion of the humanisms??

#6

Part 1: Discuss Balibar’s distinction between theoretical and practical humanism.

Theoretical humanism

-Doctrine of man, which makes man as a species the origin and end of declared and established rights

-Who is man as a species? Who is human?

-Defined in terms of abstract values, these values are used to judge

-This allows certain groups to be left out because they are seen as less than human

-Example: the declaration of independence interpreted through theoretical humanism allowed for Native Americans to be judged as ‘not human’ because they lived on the frontiers of the state instead of within the state/nation

-Balibar sees a connection between the US becoming independent and the genocide of Native Americans

-Theoretical humanism allows a certain kind of racism through nationalism

-No nationalism is innocent of racism
Practical humanism

-Cannot be based on theoretical humanism

-Affirms politics and absolute civil equality or ‘rights’

-Must be anti-racist

-Forms the basis of international politics of citizenship vs. a national basis of citizenship (theoretical humanism/racism)

-This is the humanism Balibar affirms

-Balibar believes we need to try to think about people/culture through politics rather than the state

Part 2: Use two other readings (not Huntington) to illustrate/elaborate on the distinction.

Gregory

-space of exception (theoretical humanism) opposite of human rights (practical humanism)

-an enemy from a different culture or ethnicity is seen as being so different/bad as to be exceptional

-therefore excluded from the political community

-homo sacer as occupying the space of the exceptionà outside of the law, both national and international

-homo sacer is the one with respect to whom all men act as soveireigns

-example of theoretical humanism, a certain idea of who is human

Butler

-example: Guantanamo Bay detainees, conceived as less than human

-law is suspended in both national and international forms

-detainees are homo sacer,

-possibility of a lawless future, not without law but outside the law

-suspension of human rights

-tribunals without the right to an appeal

-trials as advisory, executive retains final decision, including death sentence

-detention reviewed by officials not courts

-lawless but not illegal powers by which defy international law and human rights

-detainees reduced to bare life or animal status

-shackled bodies photos released by the DOD

-not allowed human attributes

-lawless future

-neutralization of rule of law in the name of security

-infinite future of terrorism justifies infinite future of lawlessness

-terrorists as being less than human

-if not detained will immediately become violent

-the category terrorist denies politics or the reason for their violence

Alternative: politics of human rights(practical humanism)

-reestablish rule of law

-must be applicable to all humans, universal, not just members of nation-states

-increasing # of refugees and illegal immigrant

-Must enforce universal conception of human rights even in moments of outrage/incomprehension, precisely when we think that others have taken themselves out of the human community, a true test of human rights

Question #7.

Gregory writes: “…for Agamben, homo sacer is constituted through the production and performance of the space of the exception, but in Palestine this process assumes an ever more physical form.” Discuss, in the context of Afghanistan and Palestine, Gregory’s argument about “homo sacer”, “bare life” and “the space of exception”. In the last quarter of this answer, draw also on one other reading to elaborate on Gregory’s argument.

Part One: Discussion

-“Homo sacer”:

-literally: “sacred man”

-Roman law: person who could not be sacrificed according to ritual—outside divine law, their death would mean nothing to God.

-Could still be killed—also outside juridical law; death meant nothing to contemporaries either

-As in lecture notes “The figure who could not be sacrificed, but could still be killed.”

-“Bare Life”:

-“…deprived of language and the political life language makes possible…”

-“homines sacri’ are bearers of “bare life”

-“…a zone of indistinction”

-included as objects of sovereign power, but excluded from being its subject

-“Space of exception”:

-Zone of abandonment/exclusion

-Camp vs. prison example: it is a camp that is a “space of exception”, no clear line between legal and illegal, guided not by juridical order, but by martial law and state of siege

-As in lecture notes: “Formation of political community based not on inclusion but exclusion”

-Palestine and Afghanistan in relation to Israel and United States

-Israelis modeling after Americans in Afghanistan—“Mirror Wars”

-Israel claims a search for terrorists; Americans cannot condemn Israelis while they are doing the same thing in Afghanistan and elsewhere

-Palestinians/Afghans become ‘targets’, ‘objects’ or ‘threats’ taking away human quality

-Israel/US suspension of everyday life as a war tactic (twilight zone)—everything is temporary except the occupation itself, “everything becomes dependent on the arbitrariness of the occupier’s decisions”

-Palestinian and Afghan refugees become “homines sacri”—ones to whom everyone acts as sovereign

-Palestinians are now “confined and corralled”

-Physical attack on archives to erase Palestinian memory

Part Two: Elon elaboration

-Discusses the establishment of Israel: resettlement of more than 600,000 Palestinian refugees (many expelled by Israelis, others fled villages in battle zones): this is an example of the “space of exception” that Gregory describes the Palestinian and Afghan refugees are in.

-Palestinians attempt to be absorbed by neighboring Arab countries, in addition those who live in Israel are “second-class” citizens: example of “homines sacri” status-not included, not exclude

Questions 10, 11, & 12

10.)

By attaching our own understanding of the global market and world economic liberalization policies from the standpoint of the rules , regulations, and norms which have been set by western international institutions, and beginning to understanding social, political and economic development and poor economies, we do not take into account of individual factors that constitute development and factors that are largely unique to different geographical areas. Therefore, capitalist development cannot be viewed as a single process which all developing countries will undergo in attempt to integrate their economies into the global market.

Harvey: Takes into account an analysis of capitalism in understadning globalization and how its aim to restructure geographical boundaries have disregarded individual factors that constitute separate nations. He begins with an analysis on the ways of understanding what the word Globalization entails. How the word has heavy political implications and limits any understanding of alternative of political systems.

Important concepts

Capitalist Production of space: - “Capitalisms builds and rebuilds geography in its own image”

Capitalist aim - To accelerate turnover time, revolutionize time developments. Speed up circulation of capital.

Eliminate all spatial barriers - A reorganization of geographical space to fit with capital accumulation.

“The production of space as a constitutive moment within the dynamics of capital accumulation and class struggle” (57).

Rodrik:

Emphasis on ‘Global integration becoming a substitute for developmental strategies’. Implies that global integration is not the result of economic development … “Globalization is not a shortcut to development” (55).

Integrating into the world economy is engulfed inm a agenda that requires a number of rules and regulations, often times taking away from more important factors in building a stronger economic, social and civil society.

By adhering to international standards and ‘laws’ for integrating a state economy into the world market, the necessary institutional reforms are loosing attention and importance. I.e. - “education, public health, industrial capacity, social cohesion” Local and regional trade regulations constrain state governments to take “unauthorized” action, and hindering their ability to “market access”.

“The rules for admission into the world economy not only reflect little awareness of development priorities, they are often completely unrelated to sensible economic principles”(58).

Ong: (This reading should be looked in more depth and if I have time I will send a revised outline for this question later in the week)

“industrial modes of domination go beyond production relations strictly construed" (Ong 62).

Widening gap between “analytical constructs and workers actual experiences. Gives a limited understanding of capitalist operations

Substitutes cultural struggle for class struggle. Through class struggle many cultural factors are implie


11.)

‘Sovereignty: legitimacy for rule of law, guarantor for representational claims of state power’

Butler problematizes political sovereignty as that which restructuring in a way that is constituting new forms of power, oftentimes against global cooperation. This is done through laws - which are largely tactics of the state, used as an instrument to control the population and in large, a form of Foucault’s governmentality in which the state expresses its power. It is produced through the suspension of rule of law and “seeks to establish a rival form of poltical legitimacy, one with no structures of accountability built in“(66)

“emergence of governmentality may depend upon the devitalization of sovereignty in the traditional sense” (53).

Guantanomo and indefinite detention signify the emergence of the exercise of sovereignty that act and suspend the jurisdiction of law itself.

Sovereignty becomes an exercise of prerogative power. And this power comes from government officials “with no clear claim to legitimacy”(54).

“sovereignty is reintroduced in the very acts by which state suspends law, or contorts law to its own uses” (55). This is in an act of self justification.

By examining the concept of our own ‘humanness’ and seeking to express this in a hierarchical sense, it is often played the most crucial factor in justifying the suspension of law and authorizing state sovereignty that is not easily challengeable by global standards. i.e - Guatanamo and the ways in which the US denies countless rights for prisoners who would normally fall under the Geneva conventions. To think of them as less human implies a different treatment and possible indefinite detentio

12.) Q. Wolin suggest that the birthright we have made over to our Jacobs is our `politicalness’. Discuss Wolin’s analysis of `birthright’, `contract’ and `politicalness’, to bring out what he means by suggesting that we have made over our politicalness.

Birthright - “we come into the world preceded by our inheritance” but is understood as a contract of exchange 148. A progressive identity, built through generations of inheritance, but is sold as a commodity. Built by historical moments which come to constitutive the individual identity and its value.

Contract theory - A society of individuals who abide by its norms and give up certain autonomy, freedom and liberties, in exchange for security and stability.

Notes from Skaria on Contract theory :

-Each shall be free to do as he or she pleases as long as his or actions do not interfere with the rights of others; or that,

-An individual shall not be deprived of property except by laws that have been passed by duly elected representatives; and so on.

-Contract theory maintains that free and equal individuals surrender some part of their rights in exchange for the protection of the law and the defense of society from foreign or domestic enemies.

Not concerned with history, but with principles.

“the conception of a birthright provides a more powerful way of understanding out present political conditions than does contract theory. And that contract theory is a less a solution to the political problems of our times than an exacerbation of it” (139) .

Polticalness - “our capacity for developing into beings who kow and value what it means to participate in and be responsible for the care and improvement of our common and collective life” (139).

polticalness as birthright - We inherit a political identity, that is collective and composed of ‘historical moments‘. Interpretation of this identity becomes a key factor in constituting how society, or democracy will progress.

TERMS:

Empty homogenous time: As opposed to religious concept of time. Allows for the creation of the nation as an imagined community. It is marked by temporal coincidence in which we think of other members of the nation as moving simultaneously and parallel with us in clocked calendrical time. This occurs when new ideas about patterns w/I society as well as the concept of abstract time become more universal. Facilitated by print capitalism which involved a silent recognition of the secular community.

-from Anderson lecture

- no longer “simultaneity along time”, where the past, present and future were not linked causally, but

- a type of time that can be marked by clock and calendar, and is amenable to theoretically incidental coincidence, through which the national community can be imagined as progressing forward through history

State/space of the exception: created when an enemy from a different culture is seen as being so fundamentally different as to be exceptional and therefore no longer w/I the realm of the law. The ‘space’ allows for the creation of homo sacer or he who is not good enough to be sacrificed and therefore outside of divine law, but can still be killed and therefore outside of juridical law. Allows for the denial human rights and prisoners to be reduced to bare life. Example: Palestinian refugees

-from Gregory lecture, also relevant to Agamben lecture

Ontological Masculinity of the Liberal State: The state is fundamentally not incidentally gendered because men are free to dispose of their labor as a commodity, but women’s work is naturalized, depoliticized, and not valued. Reproductive work can’t be disposed of as a commodity and prevents women from competing freely in the labor market. The liberal subject is always masculine because his work is in civil society. In order to get ahead women must adopt masculine behavior.

-from Brown lecture, closely related to essay Q’s #1&2

- the state is not fundamentally gendered because men are free to dispose of their labor as a commodity - women’s work is naturalized, depoliticized and not valued – reproductive work is not seen as a commodity and prevents women from being in the labor market – subject is always masculine

Ethnic implosion (Appadurai)

- many violent ethnonationalisms are implosive in the sense that the “effects of large-scale interactions between and within nation-states, often stimulated by news of events in even more distant locations, serve to cascade through the complexities of regional, local and neighborhood politics until they energize local issues and implode into various forms of violence”

- “cool” ethnic identities turn “hot” and implode under the pressure of events and processes distant in space and time from the site of the implosion, eg. Bosnia

- Because these are “Trojan nationalisms” that contain non-national aspirations

Plural patriotisms (Appadurai)

- “the idea of nation flourishes transnationally” (pg 57)

- diasporic communities become doubly loyal to their nations of origin and their nations of citizenship

- the politics of ethnic identity is inseparably linked to the global spread of originally local national identities – delocalized transnation

- double hyphenated identities – Asian-American-Japanese or African-America-Jamaican – as diasporic identities stay mobile and grow more protean, or reversed hyphenations – American-Italians or American-Haitians

Fundamental paradox of human rights (Asad)

- the defense of human rights depends on its identification by judicial institutions that belong to individual nations even though the idea of human rights is embedded in the idea of a human being having rights independent of his or her citizenship

Age of American Hegemony (Arrighi)

- Collapse of British centered global market, collapse of gold standard, collapse of world trade

- A new world order centered around Bretton Woods and UN to be dominated by the US

- Bretton Woods – foundations of a new monetary system established

Gold standard (Arrighi)

A system in which a nation's currency has a value measured in gold and can be exchanged for gold. Most nations, including the United States, began abandoning the gold standard in the 1930s, as the costs of war led to massive inflation in Europe, weakening the world monetary system that centered on London, closing banks and finally forcing nations off he gold standard.

Resurrected sovereignty – Butler argues that a new understanding of sovereignty, one that can function in conjunction with governmentality, is growing. similar to the traditional understanding of sovereignty it has self preservation as its aim, but the contemporary form also takes shape “within the field of governmentality”

Lawless future - not anarchical but given over to the discretionary decisions of a set of designated sovereigns who are beholden to nothing or no one except the performative power of their own decisions.

politicalness – our capacity for developing into beings who know and value what it means to participate in and be responsible for the care and improvement of our common and collective life (this term is taken verbatim from the text, you may want to reword it)

Factory daughters – term given the growing population of young female workers working in export industries. Because the managerial positions in these industries are usually filled by men, “the ‘daughter’ status of the home is reproduced in the workplace”

Bretton Woods Agreement- Established in 1944 to deal with postwar recovery. Created the IMF and the World Bank. These were to provide economic aid to postwar Europe for reconstruction. The Bretton Woods Agreement also delt with fixed exchange rates, convertible currencies and free trade.

Trade integration orthodoxy-The integration of openness to trade and investment flows that is viewed as necessary for economic growth. The World Bank and the IMF push for openness. Many Latin American and African countries have bought into this but their economies are not growing that well. Normally there is an initial spike in the economy and then it falls. In order for this to work countries must also have "tax reform to make up for lost tariff revenues; social safety nets to compensate displaced workers; administrative reform to bring trade practices into compliance with WTO rules.

Derivatives- The coming together to create a higher level of abstraction. Financial instruments that derive their monetary value from other assets like stocks, bonds, commodities or currencies and give individuals rights to

buy and sell certain assets by a specified date.  "Are becoming increasingly dominant."  "Derivative products that tap into new sources of risk." 

"Risk"-The drive of financial accumulation due to the rise of finance capital.  Lee and LiPuman outline: "risk is the ultimate touchstone that undergrids financial products."  Risk is replacing labor as a way to make profit.  The attempt to manage it might increase risk.  Becomes central when discussing economic wealth.

Fordist Production-Mass production to reach mass markets.  Mass output of standardized products in production lines.  There is resistance to this by women factory workers.

 Flexible Accumulation- This is the corporation struggle with competing global markets.   A mix of ways to acquire capital; such as mass production, subcontracting, family-type firms, free-trade zones, and sweatshops.  The

industries/factories are largely comprised of female laborers, they use cheap labor.  Per Harvey lecture: combine "economies of scale with economies of scope."